10/11/2016
- Four schools of philosophy founded about time of Alexander
- Cynics, Sceptics, Stoics and Epicurean
- Antisthenes, disciple of Socrates - Cynic
-> Believed in return to nature
- Diogenes, disciple of Antisthenes - Cynic
-> decided to live like a dog, therefore called 'cynic' which mean 'canine'
- lived like Indian Fakir
- Scepticism, a doctrine of school by Pyrrho
- doubt everything
- In later years the academy adopted this view
- Sceptics returned back in modern age with rise of science.
Saturday, March 10, 2018
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-25 Hellenistic World
10/9/2016
- Greek antiquity divided into three
1. free city state - freedom and disorder
2. Alexander and Philip - subjection and disorder
3. Roman empire - subjection and order
- Hellenistic age - second empire
- best work in science and math
- Alexander considered himself as God in Asia
- After Alexander's death his empire divided into three - under 3 generals
- European - Antigonus
- African - Ptolemy
- Asia - Seleucus
- Specialization characterized this age.
- Greek antiquity divided into three
1. free city state - freedom and disorder
2. Alexander and Philip - subjection and disorder
3. Roman empire - subjection and order
- Hellenistic age - second empire
- best work in science and math
- Alexander considered himself as God in Asia
- After Alexander's death his empire divided into three - under 3 generals
- European - Antigonus
- African - Ptolemy
- Asia - Seleucus
- Specialization characterized this age.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-24 Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy
10/3/2016
- Made great advances in mathematics and astronomy
- Pretty much everyone contributed
- geometry
- till Archimedes
- Helio centric system
- until roman conquered Greece and killed Archimedes
- Made great advances in mathematics and astronomy
- Pretty much everyone contributed
- geometry
- till Archimedes
- Helio centric system
- until roman conquered Greece and killed Archimedes
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-23 Aristotle's Physics
9/30/2016
- Two books
1. physics
2. on the heavens
- Nature
Phusis is something to do with growth (acorn -> oak tree)
- Unmoved mover
- Above moon, everything is perfect - circular motion
- Aristotelian physics incompatible with newtons' first law of motion
- Two books
1. physics
2. on the heavens
- Nature
Phusis is something to do with growth (acorn -> oak tree)
- Unmoved mover
- Above moon, everything is perfect - circular motion
- Aristotelian physics incompatible with newtons' first law of motion
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-22 Aristotle's Logic
9/30/2016
- Deduction
- Three main problems
1. Defects within system itself
2. over-estimation of syllogism
3. over-estimation of deduction
- substance-transference of 'essence' in language to metaphysics.
- Deduction
- Three main problems
1. Defects within system itself
2. over-estimation of syllogism
3. over-estimation of deduction
- substance-transference of 'essence' in language to metaphysics.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-21 Aristotle's Politics
8/8/2016
- Aristotle politics is interesting and important.
- interesting because common prejudices of educated Greek n his time
- important as a source of many principles which remained influential in middle ages.
- state - highest kind of community aims at highest good.
- in order of time 'family' comes first build on relationship of man and woman, master and slave.
- several families ->village -> state
- trade inferior - improper use of commodity
- usury most hated - since deal with only money.
- critical of Plato's Utopia and communism.
- three types of good government
1. monarchy
2. aristocracy
3. constitutional gov.
3 types of bad government
1. tyranny
2. oligarchy
3. democracy
- monarchy better than aristocracy better than polity
- tyranny worser than oligarchy worser than democracy.
- since government (actual) are bad, so democracy is better.
- 3 things need to prevent revolution.
1. Gov propaganda in education
2. respect for law
3. justice in law and administration.
- how large a state should be - no clear answer
- the day of cultured gentleman is past.
- Aristotle politics is interesting and important.
- interesting because common prejudices of educated Greek n his time
- important as a source of many principles which remained influential in middle ages.
- state - highest kind of community aims at highest good.
- in order of time 'family' comes first build on relationship of man and woman, master and slave.
- several families ->village -> state
- trade inferior - improper use of commodity
- usury most hated - since deal with only money.
- critical of Plato's Utopia and communism.
- three types of good government
1. monarchy
2. aristocracy
3. constitutional gov.
3 types of bad government
1. tyranny
2. oligarchy
3. democracy
- monarchy better than aristocracy better than polity
- tyranny worser than oligarchy worser than democracy.
- since government (actual) are bad, so democracy is better.
- 3 things need to prevent revolution.
1. Gov propaganda in education
2. respect for law
3. justice in law and administration.
- how large a state should be - no clear answer
- the day of cultured gentleman is past.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-20 Aristotle's Ethics
5/25/2016
- Nicomachean Ethics and 2 more books
- Aristotel's ethics - the prevailing opinions of educated and experienced men of his day.
- Good is happness which activity of soul
- virtue is golden mean between 2 extremes.
- justice is not equality but right proportion
- magnanimous man must be good
- depends on having exceptional social position
- discussed about friendship, pleasure, virtue in contemplation.
- Examining his ethics
1. On the whole book is self consistent
2. Consistent with his other doctrine
3. Acceptance of inequality. Absence of philanthropy. Lacking intrinsic importance.
- Nicomachean Ethics and 2 more books
- Aristotel's ethics - the prevailing opinions of educated and experienced men of his day.
- Good is happness which activity of soul
- virtue is golden mean between 2 extremes.
- justice is not equality but right proportion
- magnanimous man must be good
- depends on having exceptional social position
- discussed about friendship, pleasure, virtue in contemplation.
- Examining his ethics
1. On the whole book is self consistent
2. Consistent with his other doctrine
3. Acceptance of inequality. Absence of philanthropy. Lacking intrinsic importance.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-19 Aristotle's Metaphysics
5/12/2016
- Aristotle born in 384 BC. in Thrace.
- Plato's student for 20 years.
- Tutor of Alexander the great for 34 years.
- Lived in Athens from 335-323 BC.
- Died in 322 BC.
- First philosopher to write like a proffessor
- Doctrine of universal and criticism of theory of ideas - 'Platos'
- His metaphsics may be described as plato diluted by commn-sense
- Universal deals with such words as cat, dog, man and adjectives white, hard, round
- 'Essence' your true nature
- Three kinds of substance
1. Sensible and perishable - plant, animal
2. Sensible and non-perishable - heavenly body
3. neither sensible not perishable - God and mind.
- soul -> irrational
- mind -> rational
- God is the first cause, originates movement and himself unmoved.
- Aristotle born in 384 BC. in Thrace.
- Plato's student for 20 years.
- Tutor of Alexander the great for 34 years.
- Lived in Athens from 335-323 BC.
- Died in 322 BC.
- First philosopher to write like a proffessor
- Doctrine of universal and criticism of theory of ideas - 'Platos'
- His metaphsics may be described as plato diluted by commn-sense
- Universal deals with such words as cat, dog, man and adjectives white, hard, round
- 'Essence' your true nature
- Three kinds of substance
1. Sensible and perishable - plant, animal
2. Sensible and non-perishable - heavenly body
3. neither sensible not perishable - God and mind.
- soul -> irrational
- mind -> rational
- God is the first cause, originates movement and himself unmoved.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-18 Knowledge and Perception in Plato
5/7/2016
- Not worthy - knowledge derived from senses - 'snow is white'
- Real knowledge has to do with concepts - "2 + 2 = 4"
- Platos' criticism on knowledge is same as perception.
- Some of our knowledge are not connected with sense organs. It is 'mind' that judges it exists.
- 3 things discussed.
1. Knowledge is Perception
2. Man is the measure of all things.
3. Everything is in a state of flux.
- Not worthy - knowledge derived from senses - 'snow is white'
- Real knowledge has to do with concepts - "2 + 2 = 4"
- Platos' criticism on knowledge is same as perception.
- Some of our knowledge are not connected with sense organs. It is 'mind' that judges it exists.
- 3 things discussed.
1. Knowledge is Perception
2. Man is the measure of all things.
3. Everything is in a state of flux.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-17 Plato's Cosmogony
5/7/2016
- Creation theory - big impact historically.
- The world being sensible cannot be external.
- Account of creation - bringing order of chaos.
- World as one being.
- Transmigration from man -> woman -> brute -> conqueror.
- Creation theory - big impact historically.
- The world being sensible cannot be external.
- Account of creation - bringing order of chaos.
- World as one being.
- Transmigration from man -> woman -> brute -> conqueror.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-16 Plato's Theory of Immortality
4/24/2016
- Phaedo described last moments in the life of Socrates.
- Socrates could escape but stayed in prision and abide by death sentence.
- Cannot suicide, wait and not take life until God summons.
- Death is separation of body and soul.
- Philosopher abstain from pleasure of senses, but will be thinking of other things.
- True existence, revealed to the soul.
- Knowledge is reminiscence instead of acquired.
- Fate (Socrates opinion) of soul after death, good goes to heaven, bad goes to hell, intermediate goes to purgotory.
- Not scientific in thinking (Socrates)
- But ethical standard.
- Phaedo described last moments in the life of Socrates.
- Socrates could escape but stayed in prision and abide by death sentence.
- Cannot suicide, wait and not take life until God summons.
- Death is separation of body and soul.
- Philosopher abstain from pleasure of senses, but will be thinking of other things.
- True existence, revealed to the soul.
- Knowledge is reminiscence instead of acquired.
- Fate (Socrates opinion) of soul after death, good goes to heaven, bad goes to hell, intermediate goes to purgotory.
- Not scientific in thinking (Socrates)
- But ethical standard.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-15 The Theory of Ideas
4/21/2016
- Plato's philosophy rests on the distiction between reality and appearance.
- Logic of Parmenides with other-worldiness, mathematics and music of Pythagoras.
- Philosopher is the man who loves 'vision of truth'
- 'Knowledge' is infallible vs 'opinion' can be mistaken.
- Theory of 'ideas' or 'forms'
'cat' vs 'ideal cat' created by God.
- 'simile' of cave man - stuck in cave, philosopher goes and to seek sunlight.
- Science and truth are like good, but good has higher place.
- Plato's philosophy rests on the distiction between reality and appearance.
- Logic of Parmenides with other-worldiness, mathematics and music of Pythagoras.
- Philosopher is the man who loves 'vision of truth'
- 'Knowledge' is infallible vs 'opinion' can be mistaken.
- Theory of 'ideas' or 'forms'
'cat' vs 'ideal cat' created by God.
- 'simile' of cave man - stuck in cave, philosopher goes and to seek sunlight.
- Science and truth are like good, but good has higher place.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-14 Plato's Utopia
4/16/2016
- 'Republic' (dialogue) consists of three parts
- First one consists of ideal commonwealth, earliest of Utopia
- Defined just state and then individual
- Three types of citizen
1. common people 2. soldiers 3. guardians
- Education - music and gymanstics
- Thorough going communism for guardians
- Marriage arranged by state
- Children are taken away from parents.
- Justice - everybody doing his own work
- Ideals - objective ?
- Religion - Good is determined by God
- Plato's Republic was intended to be actually founded.
- Then the conditions was not right to establish Utopia by any philosopher.
- 'Republic' (dialogue) consists of three parts
- First one consists of ideal commonwealth, earliest of Utopia
- Defined just state and then individual
- Three types of citizen
1. common people 2. soldiers 3. guardians
- Education - music and gymanstics
- Thorough going communism for guardians
- Marriage arranged by state
- Children are taken away from parents.
- Justice - everybody doing his own work
- Ideals - objective ?
- Religion - Good is determined by God
- Plato's Republic was intended to be actually founded.
- Then the conditions was not right to establish Utopia by any philosopher.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-13 The Sources of Plato's Opinions
4/16/2016
- Plato born in 428-7 BC.
- Pupil of Socrates
- Influenced byPythagoras, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Socrates.
- Is there a such thing wisdom ?
- Plato born in 428-7 BC.
- Pupil of Socrates
- Influenced byPythagoras, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Socrates.
- Is there a such thing wisdom ?
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-12 The Influence of Sparta
4/12/2016
- To understand Plato, need to know Sparta
- Plutarch's 'Life of Lycurgus', the myth fully developed.
- Sparta on Lacedaemon captial of Laconia
- Spartans served in military.
- bonded labours are called helots.
- Boys were trained in a big school
- At the age of 20 started military service.
- council of elders, kings and ephors
- 5 ephors
- Aristotle had bad opinion about Sparta
- Land was divided among citizens and cannot be sold.
- To understand Plato, need to know Sparta
- Plutarch's 'Life of Lycurgus', the myth fully developed.
- Sparta on Lacedaemon captial of Laconia
- Spartans served in military.
- bonded labours are called helots.
- Boys were trained in a big school
- At the age of 20 started military service.
- council of elders, kings and ephors
- 5 ephors
- Aristotle had bad opinion about Sparta
- Land was divided among citizens and cannot be sold.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-11 Socrates
4/9/2016
Socrates - executed in 399 BC.
- Spent his time in disputation and taught philosophy to the young
- Account of his trial.
- Charged - "evil-doer"
- Indicated killing him is injustice
- He warned "far heavier" than you inflicted on me await you
- Liable to cataleptic trances
- Outstanding physical endurance to hunger and weather
- Was ethical rather than scientific.
- Nothing to do with physical speculation
- Knowledge is needed to make man virtuous
- dialectic, logic, discussion of knowledgeable people.
Socrates - executed in 399 BC.
- Spent his time in disputation and taught philosophy to the young
- Account of his trial.
- Charged - "evil-doer"
- Indicated killing him is injustice
- He warned "far heavier" than you inflicted on me await you
- Liable to cataleptic trances
- Outstanding physical endurance to hunger and weather
- Was ethical rather than scientific.
- Nothing to do with physical speculation
- Knowledge is needed to make man virtuous
- dialectic, logic, discussion of knowledgeable people.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-10 Protagoras
4/3/2016
- Sophist, special movement, confronted pre-Socrates system
- Sophist taught the art of argument at court
- Protagoras, 450 BC., chief of Sophist
- 'when men differ there is no objective truth in virtue of which one is right and other is wrong',
- Perpetual lecture tour teaching for a fee
- The excellence of Athens was artistic than intellectual (490 - 450) BC.
- Spartans defeated Athens.
- Sophist, special movement, confronted pre-Socrates system
- Sophist taught the art of argument at court
- Protagoras, 450 BC., chief of Sophist
- 'when men differ there is no objective truth in virtue of which one is right and other is wrong',
- Perpetual lecture tour teaching for a fee
- The excellence of Athens was artistic than intellectual (490 - 450) BC.
- Spartans defeated Athens.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-9 Atomists
4/2/2016:
- Leucippus, from Miletus, 440 BC.
- Democritus, 420 BC. - contemporary of Socrates and Sophist
- Known together
- Led to atomism in attempt to mediate between monism (by Parmenides) and pluralism (by Empedocles).
- Everything composed of Atoms - physically indivisible.
- Atoms are in state of collision and forms vortices.
- Atomist explained world without final cause - teleology.
- so more scientific
- Brief account of atomists considering..
* void, not-being
* Newton
* Descartes
* Leibinz, system of relations
- Democritis, materialist
- Last philosopher free from certain fault
- Leucippus, from Miletus, 440 BC.
- Democritus, 420 BC. - contemporary of Socrates and Sophist
- Known together
- Led to atomism in attempt to mediate between monism (by Parmenides) and pluralism (by Empedocles).
- Everything composed of Atoms - physically indivisible.
- Atoms are in state of collision and forms vortices.
- Atomist explained world without final cause - teleology.
- so more scientific
- Brief account of atomists considering..
* void, not-being
* Newton
* Descartes
* Leibinz, system of relations
- Democritis, materialist
- Last philosopher free from certain fault
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-8 Anaxagoras
3/30/2016
Anaxagoras -462 - 432 BC. in Athens
- Not equal to Pythagoras, Heraclitus or Parmenides
- Brought philosophy to Athens
- Ionian, but brought to Athens by Pericles
- Citizens prosecuted him and left Athens
- Everything is indefinitely divisible and contains some of each element except mind
- Correct theory of eclipse
- Sun - hot stone, moon - reflection
Anaxagoras -462 - 432 BC. in Athens
- Not equal to Pythagoras, Heraclitus or Parmenides
- Brought philosophy to Athens
- Ionian, but brought to Athens by Pericles
- Citizens prosecuted him and left Athens
- Everything is indefinitely divisible and contains some of each element except mind
- Correct theory of eclipse
- Sun - hot stone, moon - reflection
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-7 Athens in Relation to Culture
3/29/2016
- Greatness of Athens at the time of 2 persian wars (490 BC and 480-479 BC.)
- Wise leadership of Pericles
- Greek tragedy by Aeschylus, followed by Sophocles, followed by Euripides
- Reconstruction after war, Pheidias, the sculptor
- Achievement of Athens astonishing
- Aristocracy, young men with free time, pursued leisure in pursuit of science, mathematics and philosophy.
- Threat for Athens from inside (democracy) and outside Sparta
- Athens was crushed in Peloponnesian war (432 - 404 BC.)
- Prestige survived - schools survived till A.D 529 BC.
- Greatness of Athens at the time of 2 persian wars (490 BC and 480-479 BC.)
- Wise leadership of Pericles
- Greek tragedy by Aeschylus, followed by Sophocles, followed by Euripides
- Reconstruction after war, Pheidias, the sculptor
- Achievement of Athens astonishing
- Aristocracy, young men with free time, pursued leisure in pursuit of science, mathematics and philosophy.
- Threat for Athens from inside (democracy) and outside Sparta
- Athens was crushed in Peloponnesian war (432 - 404 BC.)
- Prestige survived - schools survived till A.D 529 BC.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-6 Empedocles
3/28/2016
Empedocles - 440BC
- Mixture of philosophe, science, charlatan - similar to Pythagoras
- worked miracles
- died by leaping into crater to prove he is God
- Man of science
* Air a separate substance
* Centrifugal force
* Sex in plants and evolution
* Astronomy, moon reflection of sun
* founder of italian schhool of medicine
- Cosmology - 4 elements - air, water, earth and time
* also love and stife
- Religion - influence of Orphism
- Nature regulated by chance and necessity rather than purpose.
Empedocles - 440BC
- Mixture of philosophe, science, charlatan - similar to Pythagoras
- worked miracles
- died by leaping into crater to prove he is God
- Man of science
* Air a separate substance
* Centrifugal force
* Sex in plants and evolution
* Astronomy, moon reflection of sun
* founder of italian schhool of medicine
- Cosmology - 4 elements - air, water, earth and time
* also love and stife
- Religion - influence of Orphism
- Nature regulated by chance and necessity rather than purpose.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-5 Parmenides
3/24/2016:
Parmenides
- Retorted that 'NOTHING' changes
- invented metaphysics based on logic
- one true being is the 'one' - material
- Argument, when you think, you think of something
- Example of 'George Washington' Hamlet
- legacy - 'Indestructibility of substance'
- Influenced Plato
- Flourished first half of fifth century BC. 450 BC.
Parmenides
- Retorted that 'NOTHING' changes
- invented metaphysics based on logic
- one true being is the 'one' - material
- Argument, when you think, you think of something
- Example of 'George Washington' Hamlet
- legacy - 'Indestructibility of substance'
- Influenced Plato
- Flourished first half of fifth century BC. 450 BC.
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-4 Heraclitus
3/22/2016
- Greek legacy - two opposite trends
-inventors of all the best
-science
- Xenophanes, timeline, between Pythagoras and Heraclitus
* Believed all things made of earth and water
* Believed in one God
* Rationalist, opposed mystical Pythagoras
- Heraclitus, 500 BC.
* Doctrines everything is in state of flux.
* Believed fire to be primordial substance
* Five fundamental substance
* Not amiable character.
* Only praised Teutamus.
* Believed in war and strife.
* Mystic and Bacchic
* harmony in opposites, cosmic justice
* 'nothing ever is, everything is becoming'
- Greek legacy - two opposite trends
-inventors of all the best
-science
- Xenophanes, timeline, between Pythagoras and Heraclitus
* Believed all things made of earth and water
* Believed in one God
* Rationalist, opposed mystical Pythagoras
- Heraclitus, 500 BC.
* Doctrines everything is in state of flux.
* Believed fire to be primordial substance
* Five fundamental substance
* Not amiable character.
* Only praised Teutamus.
* Believed in war and strife.
* Mystic and Bacchic
* harmony in opposites, cosmic justice
* 'nothing ever is, everything is becoming'
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-3 Pythagoras
3/12/2016:
Pythagoras
- From the island of Samos, 532 BC.
- Founded a religion - main tenets were the transmigration of souls
- Pythogoreanism was a movement of reform in Orphism.
- A pure mathematician - deductive reasoning.
- The greatest discovery - right angled triangle. a^2 + b^2 = c^2, 3^2 + 4^2 = 5^2.
- Euclid took it to geometry
- Established geometry by later Greeks.
- Combination of mathematics and theology started with Pythogoras
- unlike Asiatic religion
Pythagoras
- From the island of Samos, 532 BC.
- Founded a religion - main tenets were the transmigration of souls
- Pythogoreanism was a movement of reform in Orphism.
- A pure mathematician - deductive reasoning.
- The greatest discovery - right angled triangle. a^2 + b^2 = c^2, 3^2 + 4^2 = 5^2.
- Euclid took it to geometry
- Established geometry by later Greeks.
- Combination of mathematics and theology started with Pythogoras
- unlike Asiatic religion
Tuesday, March 6, 2018
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-2 The Milesian School
3/9/2016:
Ch-2- The Milesian School
- Thales native of Miletus - 585 BC.
- Miletus - commercial city of Ionia.
- landowning aristocracy to plutocracy to tyrant with the help of democracy.
- Thales brought science of geometry from Egypt to Greece
- One of the 7 wise men of Greece - saying - 'water is best'
- Story of Thales used his knowledge to make money - predicting harvest time
3/12/2016:
- Anaximander, second theologian of Miletus
- 64 year old in 546 BC.
- All things came from Primal Substance
- Idea of justice in cosmic and human
- Believed world was evolved not created
- He is scientific and original
- Anaximenes, date uncertain, but subsequent to Anaximander, fundamental substance is air. Everything evolved from air.
Ch-2- The Milesian School
- Thales native of Miletus - 585 BC.
- Miletus - commercial city of Ionia.
- landowning aristocracy to plutocracy to tyrant with the help of democracy.
- Thales brought science of geometry from Egypt to Greece
- One of the 7 wise men of Greece - saying - 'water is best'
- Story of Thales used his knowledge to make money - predicting harvest time
3/12/2016:
- Anaximander, second theologian of Miletus
- 64 year old in 546 BC.
- All things came from Primal Substance
- Idea of justice in cosmic and human
- Believed world was evolved not created
- He is scientific and original
- Anaximenes, date uncertain, but subsequent to Anaximander, fundamental substance is air. Everything evolved from air.
Monday, March 5, 2018
History of Western Philosophy, Russel: Ch-1: The Rise of Greek Civilization
3/5/2016:
The Rise of Greek Civilization:
- Rise of Greek Civilization
- Philosophy begins with Thales year 585BC
- Art of writing invented in Egypt 4000BC. And in Mesopotamia later.
- Egyptian theology preoccupied by DEATH.
- Babylonia Sumerians Cuneiform writing
- Fertility cults - Babylonia
Earth -> Female
Sun -> Male
Bull God -> Male fertility
- Great Mother being worshipped
Ishtar - Earth Goddess
- Religion by government influence and political motive.
- Gods also associated with morality
- Hammurabi, oldest legal code, Babylonia (2067 - 2025)BC.
- Hammurabi - delivered by Marduk to king
- Babylonian religion -> concerned with prosperity of world
-> To science -> 24 hours, 360 degree
-> Acquired by Thales
- Commerce flourished in island of Crete (2500 - 1400) BC
-> Minoan culture advanced
- Palaces are magnificient
- Minoan religion
-> Mistress of animal
-> Master of animal
- Spread to mainland Greece 1600 BC
- In mainland of Greece
Mycenaean civilization
- Greeks came to Greece in three waves
1. Ionian
2. Achaeans
3. Dorians
- Agriculture in nearby island colonies
- Commerce/Piracy in Greece helped in acquision of art of writing
- Developed language
- Homer - Series of poets 750 - 550 BC
- Iliad and Odyssey took about 200 years
- Gods in Homer writing is completely Human
- Immortal and superhuman power
- Homeric Gods of Aristocracy. Not fertility God.
- Olympians did not claim created earth
- Homer product of Ionia
- Inhabitants of agricultural rural community worshipped Hermes and Pan
- Dionysur or Bacchus - originally Thracian
Disreputable god of wine and drunkeness
- less civilized, barbarian God
- More mystical, stimulated, intoxication - physical or spiritual
3/7/2016
- civilized man distinguished from savage by precedence or forethought.
- this checks impulse
- From civilization, impulse is checked by "law, custom and religion"
- Bacchic ritual promoted passion instead of prudence
- Sober civilization promoted science
- Orpheus, spiritualized form of Dionysius, ascetic
A priest and philosopher
- Believed in transmigration of souls and rebirth
- Man held partly earth and partly heaven
- Europides -> Orphic
- Orphic tablet giving instruction to soul of dead person in his tomb - drink water from a specific stream.
- Mnemosyne . remembrance
- Orphism -> Pythogoras -> Plato
- Two tendency in Greek
- passionate, religion, mystical, other-wordly
- cheerful, empirical, rationalistic, acquiring knowledge diverse
- Orphic doctrine remained continue to narrow circle
- The rise of science, or existence of scientific school checked the progression of Greek religion which was comparable to religion of east/oriental.
- Similarity of beliefs prevalent in India to Orphic around some time.
The Rise of Greek Civilization:
- Rise of Greek Civilization
- Philosophy begins with Thales year 585BC
- Art of writing invented in Egypt 4000BC. And in Mesopotamia later.
- Egyptian theology preoccupied by DEATH.
- Babylonia Sumerians Cuneiform writing
- Fertility cults - Babylonia
Earth -> Female
Sun -> Male
Bull God -> Male fertility
- Great Mother being worshipped
Ishtar - Earth Goddess
- Religion by government influence and political motive.
- Gods also associated with morality
- Hammurabi, oldest legal code, Babylonia (2067 - 2025)BC.
- Hammurabi - delivered by Marduk to king
- Babylonian religion -> concerned with prosperity of world
-> To science -> 24 hours, 360 degree
-> Acquired by Thales
- Commerce flourished in island of Crete (2500 - 1400) BC
-> Minoan culture advanced
- Palaces are magnificient
- Minoan religion
-> Mistress of animal
-> Master of animal
- Spread to mainland Greece 1600 BC
- In mainland of Greece
Mycenaean civilization
- Greeks came to Greece in three waves
1. Ionian
2. Achaeans
3. Dorians
- Agriculture in nearby island colonies
- Commerce/Piracy in Greece helped in acquision of art of writing
- Developed language
- Homer - Series of poets 750 - 550 BC
- Iliad and Odyssey took about 200 years
- Gods in Homer writing is completely Human
- Immortal and superhuman power
- Homeric Gods of Aristocracy. Not fertility God.
- Olympians did not claim created earth
- Homer product of Ionia
- Inhabitants of agricultural rural community worshipped Hermes and Pan
- Dionysur or Bacchus - originally Thracian
Disreputable god of wine and drunkeness
- less civilized, barbarian God
- More mystical, stimulated, intoxication - physical or spiritual
3/7/2016
- civilized man distinguished from savage by precedence or forethought.
- this checks impulse
- From civilization, impulse is checked by "law, custom and religion"
- Bacchic ritual promoted passion instead of prudence
- Sober civilization promoted science
- Orpheus, spiritualized form of Dionysius, ascetic
A priest and philosopher
- Believed in transmigration of souls and rebirth
- Man held partly earth and partly heaven
- Europides -> Orphic
- Orphic tablet giving instruction to soul of dead person in his tomb - drink water from a specific stream.
- Mnemosyne . remembrance
- Orphism -> Pythogoras -> Plato
- Two tendency in Greek
- passionate, religion, mystical, other-wordly
- cheerful, empirical, rationalistic, acquiring knowledge diverse
- Orphic doctrine remained continue to narrow circle
- The rise of science, or existence of scientific school checked the progression of Greek religion which was comparable to religion of east/oriental.
- Similarity of beliefs prevalent in India to Orphic around some time.